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Dynamic Effect in the Capillary Pressure–Saturation Relationship and its Impacts on Unsaturated Flow

^a Section for Hydrology and Ecology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA Delft, The Netherlands
^b Environmental Engineering and Water Resources Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
^c Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Johannes Brunsgate 12, 5008 Bergen, Norway

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Typical quasistatic plot of capillary pressure vs. saturation.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Total amount of water entering dry soil as a function of square root of time, at different values of imposed suction; from Biggar and Taylor (1960)

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Diffusivity as function of water content estimated by Nielsen et al. (1962) from experiments wherein dry soil was wetted at different water suctions.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Diffusivity as function of water content estimated by Rawlins and Gardner (1963) from experiments wherein dry soil was wetted at different water suctions.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Water content–pressure head data from drainage experiments of Topp et al. (1967).

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Capillary pressure head–water content curves at x = 14 cm in experiments of Smiles et al. (1968).

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Capillary pressure head–water content curves in vertical drainage experiments of Vachaud et al. (1972).

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Plot of the difference between dynamic and static capillary pressure head vs. time rate of change of saturation in experiments of Stauffer (1978).

View larger version (7K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Cross section of a small part of the network.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Saturation vs. time (seconds). p = 20, 200, 1000, and 5000 Pa.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. Time derivative of saturation vs. saturation at p = 1000 and 5000 Pa.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 12. Primary drainage curve using Eq. [19].

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 13. Primary drainage curves using Eq. [21].

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 14. Estimate of for p1 = 20 Pa, p2 = 1000 Pa, and 0.67 < S < 0.97. Dynamic Pc is given by Eq. [19] in (a) and by Eq. [21] in (b).

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 15. Saturation profiles at time t = 12 h, for various values of .

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 16. Calculated dynamic pressure head profiles for several values of at t = 12 h.