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Modeling Heat, Water Vapor, and Carbon Dioxide Flux Distribution Inside Canopies Using Turbulent Transport Theories

^a Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328
^b Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Schematic of the canopy sublayer (CSL) domain bounded by the vadose zone and the atmospheric surface layer (ASL), where h is the canopy height. An elemental volume of thickness dz sufficiently large to include biological sources and sinks are shown in the canopy sublayer and the vadose zone. Inverse problems in both domains estimate such biological sources and sinks from the depth-time measured concentration, temperature, or soil moisture content.

View larger version (42K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Comparison between 30-min measured and modeled sensible heat flux (H) at all six levels within the canopy. Modeled sensible heat fluxes by the Eulerian method, corrected for local atmospheric stability, are also shown. Table 1 lists the regression statistics for these comparisons.

View larger version (61K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Time series of eddy-covariance measured sensible heat flux (H) (top), latent heat flux (LE) (middle), and CO2 flux (or Net Ecosystem Exchange, NEE) (bottom) are shown. Note the large and random gaps in the record. Abscissa origin refers to 1 Jan. 2000.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4a. Comparison between measured and modeled Haar wavelet spectra for sensible heat flux (H).

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4b. Comparison between measured and modeled Haar wavelet spectra for latent heat flux (LE).

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4c. Comparison between measured and modeled Haar wavelet spectra for CO2 fluxes (or net ecosystem exchange, NEE).