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Poiseuille Flow Geometry Inferred from Velocities of Wetting Fronts in Soils

Soil Science Section, Department of Geography, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Example of determining the arrival time of the wetting front. Solid line and open triangles: measurements of the volumetric soil moisture content vs. time, (Z,t), since the beginning of infiltration at t = 0. Dashed-dotted line: linear regression fitted to the data before the arrival of the wetting front. Horizontal dashed line: instrument noise, d, added to the linear regression before the arrival of the wetting front. Slanted dashed line: linear regression fitted to the data of increasing soil moisture content. The amplitude, , of the moisture wave is the difference between the maximum of (Z,t) and the soil moisture content before infiltration.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Results of the salt tracer experiment. Dashed lines, closed symbols, ns: infiltration of tap water. Solid lines, open symbols, ws: infiltration of a salt solution. Note that only the open circles, (0.05,t), indicate all of the measurements.

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Histogram of wetting front velocities.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Examples of HYDRUS-model outputs for (a)–(d) sand and (e)–(h) loam. (a) Sand: hinit: –0.5 m, Z: 0.4 m; (b) sand: hinit: –0.5 m, Z: 1.0 m; (c) sand: hinit: –1.0 m, Z: 0.4 m; (d) sand: hinit: –1.0 m, Z: 1.0 m. (e) Loam: hinit: –0.5 m, Z: 0.4 m; (f) loam: hinit: –0.5 m, Z: 1.0 m; (g) loam: hinit: –1.0 m, Z: 0.4 m; (h) loam: hinit: –1.0 m, Z: 1.0 m. See Table 4 and Fig. 1 and 2 for corresponding velocities of wetting fronts, vmod and shapes of (Z,t).

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Summary of wetting front velocities as estimated by (1) Flynn and Sinreich (2005), (2) our investigations, (3) Kung et al. (2005), (4) Rasmussen et al. (2000), and from HYDRUS-2D simulations for (5) sand, (6) clay, (7) loam, and (8) silt.