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Field Performance of Three Compacted Clay Landfill Covers

^a Desert Research Inst., Nevada System of Higher Education, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512
^b Dep. Of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706
^c Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, 3200 Q Ave., Richland, WA 99352
^d Dep. of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences and Dep. of Geological Sciences and Engineering, MS 175, Univ. of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557
^e Dep. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer St., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL, 32310-6046
^f USEPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 5995 Center Hill Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45268

View larger version (49K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Cover profiles, vegetation, and locations at which instruments were placed in test sections. Surface grade was 5% at all sites.

View larger version (43K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Schematic of drainage lysimeter. Each test section included an identical soil profile 3 m outside the lysimeter to reduce boundary effects. Termination of the lysimeter side walls within the surface berms eliminated the possibility that a preferential flow path at the geomembrane–soil interface could extend to the surface. Lateral flow was not collected from the test section at Albany, GA.

View larger version (40K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. (a) Precipitation, (b) drainage, (c) volumetric soil water content, and (d) surface flow data from the test section at Albany, GA.

View larger version (36K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. (a) Precipitation, (b) drainage, (c) volumetric soil water content, (d) soil temperature, and (e) surface and lateral flow data from the test section at Cedar Rapids, IA. The indicated depths of the temperature data are the bottom of the surface soil layer (45 cm) and the top of the soil barrier layer (75 cm).

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. (a) Precipitation, (b) drainage, (c) volumetric soil water content, and (d) surface flow and lateral flow data from the test section at Apple Valley, CA.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Daily precipitation and resulting drainage rate for periods (a) before and after (b) the fall 2000 drought at Albany, GA. Daily precipitation is shown as vertical bars, drainage rate as a continuous line.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Daily drainage as a function of the volumetric water content of the clay barrier for Albany, Cedar Rapids, and Apple Valley. Data are shown only for those days with >10 mm of precipitation. Water content data are from measurements made near the bottom of the clay barrier on the day before precipitation. Saturated volumetric water contents of the clay barrier layers were 0.31 (Albany), 0.30 (Cedar Rapids), and 0.39 (Apple Valley). An F test was used to evaluate the correlation between volumetric soil water content and daily drainage, and the resulting P values are shown in each graph. A trend is significant when P < 0.05.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Annual drainage as a function of annual precipitation for the three sites in this study as well as past studies described in the literature. The annual drainage from a soil with saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) = 1 x 10–7 cm s–1 at saturation and unit gradient conditions is 32 mm.